The extraglomerular mesangial cells help with the signalling between macula densa cells and juxtaglomerular cells.

球外系膜细胞辅助致密斑和球旁细胞的信息传递过程。

Now there's a specialized region within the retina known as the macula.

现在视网膜内有一被称为斑的特殊区域。

Is it fixing the rods, the macula, the cones, the retina?

它是在修复视网膜杆细胞、斑、视锥细胞和视网膜本身吗？

The reason the Brass  Knuckles appear separate is that each macula is divided by towering uplands covered in ice.

指节铜套之所显得分开，是因为斑都被冰雪覆盖的高耸高地分开。

It's the very centre part of that, size of a pinhead or perhaps even smaller, that's the macula.

它是它的中心部分，针头大小，甚至可能更小，那就是斑。

Then it travels through the lens, which helps to direct the light raise into the macula, which is the back part of your retina.

然后它穿过晶状体，这有助于引导光线进入斑，也就是视网膜的后面。

It is comprised of six lowland regions, called  maculae, with an average width of 480 kilometres (each roughly the size of Iceland).

它由六称为“斑” 的低地区域组成，平均宽度为 480 公里（区域大约相当于冰岛的大小）。

This is because the part of the occipital lobe in charge of the macula gets blood from both the posterior cerebral artery as well as the medial cerebral artery.

这是因为负责斑功能的枕叶部分同时由大脑后动脉和大脑中动脉供血。

So let's go back to that analogy of the camera that we talked about and the retina being the back film and the macula the centre part affecting macular degeneration.

那么，让我们回到我们讨论的相机的类比，视网膜是背面薄膜，斑是影响斑变性的中心部分。

So, in the case of hypovolemia and hypotension, the macula densa cells sense the low sodium and chloride levels and send a signal over to the juxtaglomerular cells which are located in the wall of the afferent arteriole.

因此，当血容量减少、低血压时，致密斑感受到钠、氯含量降低，传递信号给位于入球小动脉血管壁上的球旁细胞。

Macula densa cells are located in the distal convoluted tubule and they can sense when levels of sodium and chloride are low.

致密斑位于远曲小管，可感受到钠和氯水平降低。