Diagnosis of acute laryngitis is mainly based on symptoms.

急性喉炎的诊断主要基于症状。

For chronic laryngitis, though, laryngoscopy can be useful.

于慢性喉炎，喉镜很有价值。

Alright, as a quick recap, laryngitis is inflammation of the vocal cords and it causes dysphonia, dysphagia, and dyspnea.

得！快速回顾一下：喉炎是一种声带的炎症，产生发音困难、吞咽困难、呼困难的临床表现。

So laryngitis comes down to the three D's: dysphonia, dysphagia, and dyspnea.

我们把喉炎归纳于3个D：dysphonia发音困难、dysphagia吞咽困难、dyspnea呼困难。

Generally speaking, for acute laryngitis, the treatment is resting the vocal cords, as well as getting fluids, and pain medications.

于急性喉炎，治疗就是让声带休息、多饮水，以及疼痛处理。

Acute laryngitis is most common and it's usually due to an upper respiratory tract infection, most often due to a virus.

急性喉炎是最常见的，通常由于呼道感染，最常见病因为病毒感染。

Little bit of bad news, Teddy's got some laryngitis.

呃 出了点小状况 泰迪咽喉发炎了。

So, laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx, something that especially affects children.

因此，laryngitis指的就是喉的炎症，儿童易感。

I'm battling laryngitis today, as you can hear, so my voice will be even more annoying than usual.

我今天正在跟喉炎作斗争，正如你听到的，我的声音会比平时更让人烦躁。

But Bill's come down with laryngitis.

比尔得了喉炎。

Chronic laryngitis is less common and it's associated with allergies, or the result of chronic exposure to irritating agents, like cigarette smoke.

慢性喉炎相不常见，与过敏有，长期暴露于刺激物的结果，如烟。

Acute laryngitis usually lasts for less than three weeks, and usually resolves on its own, although antibiotics are helpful for bacterial laryngitis.

急性喉炎通常病程不超过3周，具有自限性，抗生素细菌感染性喉炎很有效。

Bacterial infections are another cause of acute laryngitis, and sometimes they can develop during or right after a viral infection - that's called a superinfection.

细菌感染是急性喉炎的另一大常见病因，有时可伴发继发于病毒感染，即二重感染。

For chronic laryngitis, it's important to treat the underlying issue, for example, using allergy medication, avoiding irritating agents, and using gastroesophageal reflux medications.

于慢性喉炎，处理原发病很重要，比如施用抗过敏药物、避开过敏原以及施用抗胃食管反流药物。

In chronic laryngitis the normal columnar cells undergo dysplasia, which is when they transform into squamous epithelium to adapt to the chronic irritation.

慢性喉炎中，正常柱状细胞异型增生转变为鳞状皮细胞，来适应慢性刺激。

Finally, there's overuse of the voice, like yelling or a really prolonged karaoke session involving the Beatles, that could lead to both acute and chronic laryngitis.

最后，过度发声，比如大喊大叫，是长时间唱披头士的卡拉OK，会导致急性慢性喉炎。

Another complication is when the reflux goes all the way back up to the pharynx, and then into the larynx, in which case it can cause laryngitis or even asthma.

另一个并发症是当反流至咽部，然后进入喉时，它会引起喉炎，甚至哮喘。

Nanon went to bolt the outer door; then she closed the hall and let loose a wolf-dog, whose bark was so strangled that he seemed to have laryngitis.

娜侬去锁外门；然后她了大厅，并放出了一只狼狗，这只狗的叫声如此嘶哑，仿佛得了喉炎。

In acute laryngitis, the goblet cells to over secrete mucus leading to congestion of the airway, and immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages release chemicals that cause pain and swelling.

急性喉炎中，杯状细胞分泌过多黏液，导致气道阻塞；免疫细胞如中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞释放化学物质产生疼痛和肿胀感。

Reflux laryngitis is another cause of chronic laryngitis and develops in people with severe gastroesophageal reflux disease where acid from the stomach goes all the way up the esophagus into the pharynx.

反流性喉炎是另一个慢性喉炎的病因，见于严重胃食管反流病的患者：胃酸通过食管，向进入咽部。